QRZ! Ham Radio 3/QRZ Ham Radio Callsign Database - Volume 3.iso/digests/infoham/940034.txt

Internet Message Format | 1994-06-04 | 26.2 KB

Date: Thu, 13 Jan 94 20:42:42 PST
From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup <[e-mail]>
Errors-To: [e-mail]
Reply-To: [e-mail]
Precedence: Bulk
Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #34
To: Info-Hams


Info-Hams Digest            Thu, 13 Jan 94       Volume 94 : Issue   34

Today's Topics:
       BALUN problem. Was: DIPOLES FED BY LADDER LINE (2 msgs)
                      DIPOLES FED BY LADDER LINE
                    DIPOLES FED BY LADDER LINE - Q
      Fm Broadcast (Legal Part 15 power levels) - read the rules
                      Land mobile mailing list?
                      Mac owners....READ THIS!!
                       Need SuperMorse (2 msgs)
                   Want current DXCC prefix listing

Send Replies or notes for publication to: <[e-mail]>
Send subscription requests to: <[e-mail]>
Problems you can't solve otherwise to [e-mail].

Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available
(by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams".

We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text
herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official
policies or positions of any party.  Your mileage may vary.  So there.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: 13 Jan 94 15:17:32 GMT
From: sdd.hp.com!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!ux2.cso.uiuc.edu![e-mail]
Subject: BALUN problem. Was: DIPOLES FED BY LADDER LINE
To: [e-mail]

>In a previous article, [e-mail] () says:

>>Please excuse my laziness in not researching this myself...
>>
>>       I just bought an antenna tuner and want to put up a dipole fed
>>       by 450 ohm ladder line, for use across 160-10 meters.  The longest
>>       one I have located commercially is one 135ft long with 100ft of
>>       feed line

One extra question: how to feed such an antenna? If through an unbalanced
tuner, shack will be RF hot. If also through a balun, the balun may have
excessive losses and even generate harmonic. In my case, I tried to feed
undersized dipole on 80 through a 1 KW air balun. The balun gets warm and
the performance at 100W out is similar to .5W out with a regular dipol. I
think that at SWR 10 and above, which would be normal for a ladder-fed
dipole, multi-KW balun is needed to handle just 100W. The best option
would be a symetric tuner, which is clumsy to build. Any comments?

Ignacy Misztal, NO9E, SP8FWB

------------------------------

Date: 14 Jan 94 00:11:58 GMT
From: ogicse!news.tek.com!tekig7!tekig6![e-mail]
Subject: BALUN problem. Was: DIPOLES FED BY LADDER LINE
To: [e-mail]

I know of only two ways to do a good job of feeding a multiband, balanced
antenna. (By "multiband" I mean one which is fed at frequencies far away from
resonance.) One is to use a balanced tuner. Link coupling is ideal for this.
The other way was described by Al Roehm, W2OBJ in the second ARRL Antenna
Compendium. What he did was to use an unbalanced tuner and put the balun
at the tuner input. The problems with doing this are:

     1. It can be very hazardous. If the tuner is in a metal case, very
        high RF voltages can appear on it.

     2. It must be very well isolated from ground. Even the capacitance to
        ground must be very small.

A balun will work only if its winding impedance is much higher than the
load impedance. This isn't much of problem if the load impedance is no more
than a couple of hundred ohms. But a multiband antenna fed with twinlead
feeders can present impedances in the thousands of ohms. You might get lucky
and not have a really high impedance show up on any of the bands you operate.
(It depends on the frequency, antenna length, feedline impedance, and
feedline length). On the other hand, you might not. Depending on the balun
type and construction, and the relationship between the balun and load
impedances, the balun might do nothing, work properly, or get very hot and
possibly ignite or explode. I'm very skeptical of claims of baluns which
can reliably work when presented by the impedances you can get feeding a
multiband antenna. Al Roehm's method works because it puts the balun at a
known, reasonable (50 ohm) impedance point.

Good luck!

73,
Roy Lewallen
W7EL
[e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 14 Jan 94 02:36:51 GMT
From: [e-mail]
Subject: DIPOLES FED BY LADDER LINE
To: [e-mail]

[e-mail] ([e-mail]) wrote:

:        feed line, for 80-10 meters (much cheaper, incidently, than building
:        from scratch with current wire prices!).

Have you considered the possibility of using electric fence wire for
antenna building material?  You can get a 1000 foot roll for about
twelve bucks from places like Southern States feedstores or probably
just about any farm supply house.

I know there are gonna be some out there that will poo-poo the
idea of electric fence wire for antennas (it wont last, it rusts,
doesn't have the strength that hard drawn copper has, etc).  But let me
tell you, I've used the same dipole on 75 made from electric fence
wire for 3 or 4 years without any indication of failure, stretch, rust
or anything else.

If it's made for outdoor use and pulled between poles and insulators
to keep cows "in check", it must have something going for it..

                    jd..k1zat

------------------------------

Date: Thu, 13 Jan 1994 01:02:37 GMT
From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!uwm.edu!msuinfo!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!bruce.cs.monash.edu.au!trlluna!titan!pcies4.trl.OZ.AU![e-mail]
Subject: DIPOLES FED BY LADDER LINE - Q
To: [e-mail]

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] writes:
>From: [e-mail]
>Subject: DIPOLES FED BY LADDER LINE - Q
>Date: 12 Jan 94 19:07:16 GMT
>Please excuse my laziness in not researching this myself...
>
>       I just bought an antenna tuner and want to put up a dipole fed
>       by 450 ohm ladder line, for use across 160-10 meters.  The longest
>       one I have located commercially is one 135ft long with 100ft of
>       feed line, for 80-10 meters (much cheaper, incidently, than building
>       from scratch with current wire prices!).  Anyone have an opinion
>       on my going to ~260 ft (yes, I do have room), especially regarding
>       performance on higher bands (40-10 meters).
>
>                                 Thanks for reading this, Brian WY2G

Brian, IMHO, the "dipole" fed with open wire line, or 450 ohm ladder line is
the best, most versatile HF antenna for amateurs who want to operate all
HF bands. Some combinations of antenna + feeder will yield easier matches
with your tuner on most bands, but some compromise is generally necessary
(see Bill Orr's Wire Antenna book). Generally, the more wire you have
in the antenna (or radiating part), and the shorter the feedline part- the
better. However, feedline lengths of even 100' should not cause significant
loss.

If you choose the 260' model, you may care to have yourself a mini vee-
beam (effective at about 10.1MHz and above) by placing the "legs" at about
90 degrees, and pointed at your favourite DX direction. Being
unterminated, you get long and short path, depending on time of day,
propagation etc. Approximate all-round operation is obtained at 1.8 thru
7MHz. My main HF antenna is one of these, the apex only 34' above ground,
and the 135' legs each droop down to about 20'. The intersection of the
legs points LP to Europe. This is the best DX antenna I have ever had.
Even when conditions are poor, I can mix it with the big boys with their
kW and rotatable beams etc.

With so much wire in the air- some sort of lighning protection is
advisable. It is a good plan to ground the feedline with a "Frankenstein"
style knife switch when the antenna is not in use. Also provide a spark-gap
to ground for each side of the feedline as extra insurance should you forget
to operate the switch.

73, Drew, VK3XU  Telecom Australia Research Laboratories.



. ,
the .".

 os give more easily matched eursr

------------------------------

Date: 13 Jan 94 16:31:17 GMT
From: ogicse!uwm.edu!rpi!newsserver.pixel.kodak.com!kodak![e-mail]
Subject: Fm Broadcast (Legal Part 15 power levels) - read the rules
To: [e-mail]

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Alan Bloom) writes:
>Barry x24904/ER/167B-TED ([e-mail]) wrote:
>: Fellow hams...
>: PLEASE stop propagating these myths.
>
>: The Part 15 rules give the maximum permissible field strength at a specified
>: distance from the antenna.  For transmissions in the FM broadcast band, the
>: numbers are 250 microvolts per meter measured at three meters.
>
>I haven't looked at the part 15 rules in years, but unless they have
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>changed, you are allowed to use EITHER the field strength limit OR the
>power and antenna length limit.

This is exactly what I am talking about.  The rules changed many years ago.
       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
My oldest copies of the Code of Federal Regulations (where the complete set
of FCC Rules and Regulations can be found) only go back to the early 1980's.
Field strength limits were all that were specified then and these limits have
steadily declined since then.  I THINK the FCC went to field strength limits
back in the 1970's.  In any event the current rules have no provision for
anything but radiated field strength limits for unlicensed transmissions on
the FM broadcast band.  There are only three bands where maximum power level
and antenna length are still specified other than spread spectrum above
902 MHz: the 175 kHz band, the AM broadcast band, and the 49 MHz walkie-talkie
band.  Even Part 15 devices in the 27 MHz band are now specified as to maximum
field strength limits.

Allow me to make my point again...

RTFR...    READ THE RULES BEFORE OPENING MOUTH AND INSERTING FOOT!
^^^^
The FCC has considerably tightened the regulations on unlicensed transmitters
over the years.  The allowed power levels are FAR lower than most people
suspect.  They are NOT as one prominent ham poster has said, the field
strengths that would be obtained from a 100 mW transmitter operating into a
1 meter antenna.  Read the rules and do the near-field calculations.  You
will find the FCC wants a VERY short range on your Mr. Microphone!

   73, Barry  WA4VZQ  [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 14 Jan 1994 00:00:36 GMT
From: news.service.uci.edu!mothra.nts.uci.edu![e-mail]
Subject: Land mobile mailing list?
To: [e-mail]

In article <2h44r0$[e-mail]>,
Jeff Depolo <[e-mail]> wrote:
>Does anyone have the subscription address for the land mobile mailing list?
>
>       --- Jeff
>
>--
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
> Jeff DePolo  WN3A              Twisted Pair: [phone]H  387-3059W
> [e-mail]    RF: 443.800+ MHz   442.700+ MHz   24.150 GHz
> University of Pennsylvania


-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

To: [e-mail]

subscribe land-mobile-radio-digest

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

That should do it.

~jack_

--
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\
|         Jack C. Lockhart     << SNAILMAIL                                 |
|      Radio Systems Engineer        E-MAIL > [e-mail]              |
|OAC-Electronic Communication Srvcs. !BANG! > ...!ucbvax!ucivax!lockhart    |
|    2209 Central Plant Building        HAM > WD6AEI                        |
| University of California, Irvine     AMPR > WD6AEI@n0ary.#nocal.ca.usa.na |
|      Irvine, CA  92717-5475         VOICE > [phone]                |
|              U.S.A                    FAX > [phone]                |
\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/
    "And in the beginning there was nothing.  And God said, 'let there be
   light'.  And there was still nothing, BUT you could see IT!"  -Anonymous
/     o o o o o o o . . .   ______________________________ _____=======____\_
    o      _____            |                            | |               |
  .][__n_n_|DD[  ====_____  |   #include <disclaimer.h>  | |               |
 >(________|__|_[_________]_|____________________________|_|_______________|_
 _/oo OOOOO oo`  ooo   ooo  'o^o^o                  o^o^o` 'o^o         o^o`
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/

------------------------------

Date: Wed, 12 Jan 1994 19:21:42 GMT
From: news.ucr.edu!library.ucla.edu!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!uknet!EU.net!news.funet.fi!fuug!krk!krksun.krk.fi![e-mail]
Subject: Mac owners....READ THIS!!
To: [e-mail]


OK, pals.

Here's a list of Ham related Mac software. The files are in a .HQX format,
so just thorw me some mail and I'll send you the files you want.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DX Map 1.1

The following is from a help field that can be accessed from within the stack.
This stack requires the version of Hypercard to be 2.0 or greater.

This stack enables amateur radio operators to find the location, bearing, and
other information for the 'DXCC' countries of the world. It also displays the
day and night portions of the globe dynamically.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MacDOVE

MacDOVE is a simple FORTRAN program for decoding or converting recorded DOVE
telemetry packets into engineering units on a Macintosh 512K, Plus, SE, SE/30,
or II-series computer.  Note that MacDOVE does not decode packets directly
from a TNC but from a file of packets previously recorded.  Both the
source code and the application are available from the address below.
The present version of MacDOVE does not use any of the special
window/menu/mouse features of the Mac
and so the source code should be compatible with other machines.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MorseTrainer US-1.0.1b20

MorseTrainer is a program for learning and training Morse code. This is the
first translated version of the program which originally was developed and
localized for Sweden. The program itself can be considered a final version
of v1.0.1 but the translation is probably not perfect, hence a beta-release
instead of final-release.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SunClock

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PacketTracker

For the network manager and BBS operator, PacketTracker  provides extensive
insight to the operation of the local network and the problems such as
excessive retries on a path.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPARKS-II

 Morse trainer type.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
WORLDTIME.sea

1)  It tells you what time it is in other cities, taking into account
 Daylight Saving Time/Summer Time.
2)  It automatically resets your computer's clock at the beginning and end
 of Daylight Saving Time/Summer Time.
3)  It allows you to change the location of your computer as it is stored
 in your computer's memory and reset the clock appropriately.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MORSE CODE TUTOR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Morse Mania

 This program was written as a practice program for people already
 familiar with the International Morse Code. It allows the user to
 practice copying Morse code at various speeds and at different audio
 pitches.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MorseMaster

 This program can read any TEXT file, but the interval of carriage
 returns should be less than 256 characters to send correctly. You can
 open large file, but normally the latter part is truncated
 (If it is too large, an alert box appears).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grid

    This Macintosh program (MacBinary format) converts between coordinates
 (longitude, latitude in degress, minutes, seconds) and the grid square
    locator used by radio amateurs, and vice versa. The old European QTH
 locator system is supported. The distance and heading between two points
 on earth can be calculated. The program will automatically recognize the
    coordinate system used: longitude/latitude, worldwide grid square locator
 or European QTH locator.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 OrbiTrack 2.1b14
 Satellite Tracking Program
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


___  ////  ________________________________________________________________
    |--00  Kristoffer H{ggstr|m (Kauniainen, Finland)
    C   ^  E-Mail: [e-mail]
___  \ ~/  ________________________________________________________________
                    Nobody knows who's side he was on
                It's a risk that you take in no mans land
                    Nobody knows what made him decide
                To run for freedom and to certain suicide      -Marillion


------------------------------

Date: 13 Jan 94 06:33:14 GMT
From: ogicse!cs.uoregon.edu!sgiblab!darwin.sura.net!pegasus.cc.ucf.edu!pegasus.cc.ucf.edu![e-mail]
Subject: Need SuperMorse
To: [e-mail]

I would like to obtain a copy of SuperMorse and I understand that it is
available as shareware or netware from a number of sources.  The only
problem is, I'm new to this whole e-mail/unix thing and cannot figure out
exactly how to go about retrieving a copy of it.  I understand ftp and
have been able to transfer files via anonymous ftp before, but I just
need specific directions on where exactly to find a copy of SuperMorse.
Any returns will be helpful.

Thank you.
Scott Elias  KE4GIT
             [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 13 Jan 94 17:26:37 GMT
From: sdd.hp.com!hpscit.sc.hp.com!cupnews0.cup.hp.com![e-mail]
Subject: Need SuperMorse
To: [e-mail]

Scott Elias ([e-mail]) wrote:
: I would like to obtain a copy of SuperMorse and I understand that it is
: available as shareware or netware from a number of sources.  The only
: problem is, I'm new to this whole e-mail/unix thing and cannot figure out
: exactly how to go about retrieving a copy of it.  I understand ftp and
: have been able to transfer files via anonymous ftp before, but I just
: need specific directions on where exactly to find a copy of SuperMorse.
: Any returns will be helpful.

: Thank you.
: Scott Elias  KE4GIT
:              [e-mail]

The short answer is it is probably on oak.oakland.edu in /pub/msdos/hamradio.

The long answer is use archie...info follows



To perform an archie search via email, send mail to

 archie@<archie_server>

Where <archie_server> is the name of an archie host.

The current (and complete) list of archie servers can be found with the
"servers" command (described below). A sample list is:

    archie.rutgers.edu   128.6.18.15     (USA)
    archie.unl.edu   129.93.1.14   (USA)
    archie.sura.net      128.167.254.179 (USA)
    archie.ans.net       147.225.1.2     (USA)
    archie.au            139.130.4.6     (Australia)
    archie.funet.fi      128.214.6.100   (European server in Finland)
    archie.sogang.ac.kr  163.239.1.11  (Korea)

If you do not get mail back within 2 days or so, try using the "path"
command described below.



For your information anonymous FTP may be performed through the mail by
various ftp-mail servers. Send a message with the word 'help' in it to:

For BITNET/EARN sites ONLY:

  [e-mail]

or (general access):

  [e-mail]

for an explanations on how to use them.

The "Subject:" in mail sent to archie is treated as part of the message
body.

Command lines begin in the first column. All lines that do not match a valid
commands are ignored.

for the complete help instructions use

Commands
--------
In the commands that follow, parameters between '[' and ']' are optional.
The ellipsis ("...") signifies that the previous parameter can be repeated
multiple times. A '|' character means "or".


help [ <topic> [[ <subtopic> ] ...]]

  The "help" command by itself produces this message.

  An optional topic and subtopic(s) may also be given.  A
  list of words is considered to be one topic, not a list
  of individual topics. Thus,

   help set maxhits

  requests help on the subtopic 'maxhits' of topic 'set',
  not on two separate topics.

Jim, WA6SDM
[e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Tue, 11 Jan 1994 21:05:47 GMT
From: metro!basser.cs.su.oz.au!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!msuinfo!uwm.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde!sgiblab!rpal.rockwell.com!news.cs.@@munnari.oz.au
Subject: Want current DXCC prefix listing
To: [e-mail]

Does anyone have a source for the current DXCC prefix vs country list?  I'm
having trouble keeping up with all the new ones popping up these days.

Dave  N3AHF

------------------------------

Date: 12 Jan 1994 20:52:48 -0500
From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!news.intercon.com!panix![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <2gih9o$[e-mail]>, <2h0aks$[e-mail]>
Subject : ARRL NNJ 94-002 NJ DEPE HEARING

SB ARL @ NJNET < NW2L $11721_KB7UV
ARL NNJ 94-002 NJ DEPE HEARING
R:940112/1356 77257@KB7UV.#NLI.NY.USA.NA

Date: Wed, 12 Jan 94 13:56:38 UTC
From: nw2l@kb7uv.#nli.ny.usa.na (Rich Moseson)
Message-ID: <11721_KB7UV> (Astoria, NY)
Reply-To: nw2l@wa2jvm.#nnj.nj.usa.na
To: arl@njnet
Subject: ARL NNJ 94-002 NJ DEPE HEARING

ARL NNJ 94-002 -- NJ DEPE HEARING

HR ARRL NNJ SECTION BULLETIN 94-002
FROM ARRL NNJ SECTION MANAGER RICH MOSESON, NW2L
JANUARY 11, 1994

TO ALL RADIO AMATEURS / NNJ SECTION:

Amateur radio and the ARRL were well-represented at today's hearing by
the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy on its
proposal to regulate RF transmitting sources in the state.  DEPE
officials had said that amateur radio would be exempted from the
proposed registration and fee proposals for now, but did not include an
exemption in the proposed regulation, and specifically invited comments
on whether amateurs should be subject to them in the future.  The public
hearing in Trenton on January 11 was attended by approximately 50
people, some 25 percent of whom were hams.  None of the approximately 20
speakers supported the proposed regulation.

ARRL General Counsel Chris Imlay, N3AKD, and ARRL Northern New Jersey
Section Manager Rich Moseson, NW2L, spoke on behalf of the League and
its more than 5,000 members in New Jersey.  They were joined by state
Army MARS Director Sanford Weinberger, AAA2NJ/N2BOT, and several other
hams.  Other ARRL leadership volunteers at the hearing included Southern
New Jersey Section Traffic Manager Gene Bond, WB2UVB; Middlesex County
District Emergency Coordinator Stan Olochwoszcz, N2AYJ; Morristown
Emergency Coordinator Harvey Klein, WS2Q; New Jersey Phone Net Manager
Dave Popkin, W2CC; Local Government Liaison Bill Sohl, K2UNK, and Hudson
Division Assistant Director Ben Friedland, K2PBP.

Testimony was opened by Vivian Lopez, N2NZN, who challenged the state's
authority to impose the regulations in the first place.  Imlay and
Moseson, representing the ARRL, argued that only the FCC had the power
to license and regulate radio transmitters, and that applying the
proposed regulations to hams would effectively preclude amateur
communications in New Jersey -- a violation of FCC rules.  A specific
exemption for hams was requested.

Written comments are due by January 20, although the comment period may
be extended.  A final decision on the proposal must be made by next
December.

AR

/EX

--
        ______________________ Andrew Funk, KB7UV ______________________
       |     President, Tri-State Amateur Repeater Council  (TSARC)     |
       | ENG Editor/Microwave Control, WCBS-TV Channel 2 News, New York |
       | Internet: [e-mail]      Packet: kb7uv@kb7uv.#nli.ny.usa |

------------------------------

Date: 12 Jan 1994 07:59:24 GMT
From: olivea!inews.intel.com!ilx018.intel.com!ilx118![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <2gdjdr$[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>, <2gih9o$[e-mail]>dbraun
Reply-To : [e-mail]
Subject : Re: DEP May Impose Fees On YOU!

In article <2gih9o$[e-mail]>, [e-mail] (Scott Dorsey) writes:
|>
|> Yes, but everything with an oscillator in it is RF transmitting equipment.
|> If you don't believe me, put a radio next to your terminal. It's radiating
|> plenty.  Inadvertently perhaps, but still enough to tax.


If you look at the actual power density numbers in proposal that was
posted, and do a bit of arithmetic, you will find that you need
a hefty power output (100's of watts) within 20 or 30 feet to exceed
the limits.  If you are running a kW twenty feet from your neighbor's
bedroom, they have a right to get upset.

--

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Doug Braun     Intel Israel, Ltd.      M/S: IDC-42 (new mailstop!)
               Tel: [phone]   [e-mail]

------------------------------

End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #34
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